SQL

Table of content

##A brief overview of important SQL statements

select statement

1. pay attention to distinct and like in where statement.
2. % can be used as wild card in like statement.
3. An example code is given as the following:

select distinct name
from empinfo
where age > 40 and firstname like 'bob%'

###Aggregation functions

1. Aggregation functions include distinct, min, max, sum, avg, count, and count(*) where return the number of rows.
2. An example code is given as the following:

select max(salary), firstname, lastname
from empinfo

###group by statement

1. group by statement will group rows with same attribute. It is usually followed with aggregation function.
2. An example code is given as the following:

select max(salary), department
from empinfo
group by department

###having statement

1. having statement usually follows group by statement.
2. The difference between having and where statements are the followings:
   1. Aggregation functions, e.g., avg(), cannot be used in where statement, but can be used in having statement.
   2. where can be used in insert, delete, select statements, but having can only be used in select statement.
   3. having can only use with group by statement.
3. An example code is given as the following:

select max(salary),department
from empinfo
where department like 'elec%'
group by department
having avg(salary) > 5000

###order by statement

1. order by statement can be used with two options ASC or DESC.
2. An example code is given as the following:

select employee_id, department, firstname, lastname
from empinfor
where department like 'core%'
order by salary DESC, name ASC

###in and between statements

1. in and between statements can be combined to make more powerful boolean clauses.
2. Two example codes are given as the following:

select employee_id, salary, department, firstname, lastname
from empinfor
where firstname in ('John', 'Bob', 'William')
and (salary between 2000 and 5000)

select title from movie
where id in ('11768','11955','21191')

###join statement

1. join statement makes ralational database ralational.
2. join statement can make the database operation easier. For example, one can use join statement instead of writing a complicated code using select and where statements.
3. For example, we have a database table of custom information and other table about purchaes. An example code of operating on there two tables is given as followings:

select customers.firstname, customers.lastname, purchases.id, purchases.name, purchases.price
from customer, purchases
where customer.id == purchases.customerid

select customers.firstname, customers.lastname, purchases.id, purchases.name, purchases.price
from customer inner join purchases
on customer.id == purchases.customerid

###Arithmetic operation

1. Arithmetic operation can be used to generate new column of the data table
2. An example code is given as the following:

select name, gdp/population
from world
where area > 500000

###Check the difference in date

1. Function datediff() can be used to check the difference in date variables.
2. An example code is given as the following:

select w2.Id
from Weather w1 join Weather w2
on datediff(w2.Date,w1.Date) = 1
where w1.Temperature < w2.Temperature

###coalesce statement

1. coalesce statement will replace the null entries with 0.
2. Two example codes are given as the following, which is the answer to the 13th question from the exerciese.

select name,coalesce(mobile,'07986 444 2266')
from teacher

select c.m1,team1,COALESCE(s1,0),team2,COALESCE(s2,0)
from
(
select id id1,mdate m1,team1,s1
from game
left join
(
select id tmpid,m1,team1 tmpteam1,sum(score1) s1
from
(
SELECT id,mdate m1,team1,
  CASE WHEN teamid=team1 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END score1
  FROM game JOIN goal ON matchid = id
)a
group by tmpid
)b
on id = tmpid
)c
join
(
select id id2,mdate m2,team2,s2
from game
left join
(
select id tmpid,m2,team2 tmpteam2,sum(score2) s2
from
(
SELECT id,mdate m2,team2,
  CASE WHEN teamid=team2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END score2
  FROM game JOIN goal ON matchid = id
)d
group by tmpid
)e
on id = tmpid
)f
on c.id1 = f.id2
order by m1

###isnull() function

1. isnull() function is usually worked with where to form boolean claus.
2. An example code is given as the followings which is the solution to the first exercise.

select name from teacher where isnull(dept)

Different join statements

1. There are several join statements include inner join, left outer join, and full outer join.
2. The following illustration is based on a post from stackoverflow.

   1. Suppose there are two tables

      a	b
      1	3
      2	4
      3	5
      4	6

   2. inner join is the intersection of two tables. For example, the query select * from a INNER JOIN b on a.a = b.b will generate the following table

      a	b
      3	3
      4	4

   3. left outer join will also be the intersection of two tables. In addition, it keeps the elements from the first table and keep null values from the second one. For example, the query select * from a left outer join b on a.a = b.b will generate the following table

      a	b
      1	null
      2	null
      3	3
      4	4

   4. full outer join is the union of two tables. For example, the query select * from a FULL OUTER JOIN b on a.a = b.b will generate the following table

      a	b
      1	null
      2	null
      3	3
      4	4
      null	5
      null	6

3. In addition, left join is the same as left outer join, and right join is the same as right outer join.
4. A nice image illustration is given as the following 

###case statement

1. case allows SQL query returns different values under different conditions.

2. If there is no conditions match then Null is returned.

3. case statement takes the following form

   CASE WHEN condition1 THEN value1 WHEN condition2 THEN value2
   ELSE def_value END

4. Example codes are given as the following where the third code is from the sqlzoo.

select name,
case when dept=1 or dept=2 then 'Sci' else 'Art' end
from teacher

SELECT id,mdate m2,team2,
  CASE WHEN teamid=team2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END score2
  FROM game JOIN goal ON matchid = id

SELECT name, population
      ,CASE WHEN population<1000000 
            THEN 'small'
            WHEN population<10000000 
            THEN 'medium'
            ELSE 'large'
       END
  FROM bbc

###cast() function

1. Use cast() function to transfer, e.g., char to int.
2. An example code is ORDER BY CAST(thecolumn AS int).

###concat() function

1. concat() function is used to combine, e.g., two strings.
2. An example code of using concat() function is given as the following which is the solution to the fifth exercise in sqlzoo.

select name, concat(round(population/(select population from world where name = 'Germany')*100),'%')
from world
where continent = 'Europe'

###all statement

1. all statement allows boolean operators >,<,>=,<= act on a set of numbers.
2. One can also apply max() or min() operators first on the set of numbers.
3. An example code is given as the following

select name from world
where gdp >= all(select coalesce(gdp,0) from world where continent = 'Europe') and continent != 'Europe'

###Nested select statements

1. Variables in the outer select statement can be used in the inner select statement.
2. An example code is given as following which is the solution to the 7th exercises in sqlzoo.

select continent, name,area
from world x
where area >= all
(select area from world y
where x.continent = y.continent and y.area > 0)

###not exist statement

1. The solution to the 9th exercises in sqlzoo.

select name,continent,population
from world x
where not exists (
select *
from world y
where y.continent = x.continent and y.population> 25000000
)

###More about in statement

1. The expression in can be used as a value - it will be 0 or 1.
2. An example code is given as the following

SELECT winner, subject, subject IN ('Physics','Chemistry') ord
  FROM nobel
 WHERE yr=1984
 ORDER BY ord,subject,winner

###‘limit n offset m’ statement

1. It is used to get n rows starting from the mth row.
2. An example code is given as the following

select distinct Salary
from Employee
order by Salary DESC
limit 1 offset N

###Order and get the rank of some attribute

1. Sometime we need to do the following operations:
   1. Get the greatest value
   2. Get the smallest value
   3. Get top N best values
   4. Get the rank of all values
2. This can be, e.g., to select top N largest country from each continent, to select top N high salary from all employees.
3. In principle, these operations can be done by join the table with itself.
4. Use count() and group by statement to obtain the number of items that has value smaller/greater than the current value.
5. Use count(distinct ) statement to allow ranking same value twice.
6. An example code is given as the following which is the solution to the SQL exercise: Department Top Three Salaries from LeetCode.

select Department.Name,mytable.Name,mytable.Salary
from 
(select e1.DepartmentId as DepartmentId, e1.Name as Name, e1.Salary as Salary, count(distinct e2.Salary) as Counter
from
Employee as e1 join Employee as e2 on e1.DepartmentId = e2.DepartmentId and e1.Salary<=e2.Salary
group by e1.Name) as mytable
join Department on mytable.DepartmentId = Department.Id
where mytable.Counter<=3

###delete statement

1. delete statement is used to delete one item from the database table following the form delete from table where [clause].
2. The table to be modified cannot appear in the where clause.